Document Type : ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Authors
1
Department of Public Policy, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
2
Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
3
Department of Transportation, Ministry of Transportation, Jakarta, Indonesia
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Road safety is a persistent public policy challenge, especially in developing countries where governance capacity and policy implementation often do not match regulatory goals. Although technological innovation is widely promoted to improve road safety, most existing research treats technology as a technical tool rather than as part of governance. This study examined technology integration as a mediating governance mechanism linking road safety policy instruments and policy effectiveness.
METHODS: An explanatory sequential mixed-methods design was used. Quantitative data were collected through a survey of 200 respondents, including regulators, law-enforcement officials, and road users. Qualitative data were subsequently collected through focus group discussions with key road safety policy stakeholders in Indonesia. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to assess the direct and indirect relationships among road safety policy instruments, technology integration, and policy effectiveness, while thematic analysis was used to identify the institutional and behavioural mechanisms underlying these relationships.
FINDINGS: Road safety policy instruments had significant positive effects on technology integration (β = 0.684, t = 12.573, p < 0.001) and policy effectiveness (β = 0.287, t = 3.845, p < 0.001). Technology integration also had a significant positive effect on policy effectiveness (β = 0.521, t = 8.964, p < 0.001). The specific indirect effect of road safety policy instruments on policy effectiveness through technology integration was positive and statistically significant (β = 0.356, t = 6.742, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.254, 0.468]), indicating complementary partial mediation. The model explained 46.8% of the variance in technology integration and 61.2% of the variance in policy effectiveness. Qualitative findings showed that the mediating process operated through institutional coordination, integrated data use, enforcement consistency, and behavioural compliance.
CONCLUSION: Road safety policy effectiveness depends not only on regulatory design but also on how effectively governance functions are embedded within digital systems. The study conceptualises technology integration as a mediating governance mechanism rather than a standalone technical intervention and demonstrates how digital systems translate policy instruments into more effective implementation outcomes. These findings contribute evidence from Indonesia to broader debates on road safety governance and digital public administration in developing-country contexts.
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