https://www.ijhcum.net/ International Journal of Human Capital in Urban Management en daily 1 Wed, 01 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Wed, 01 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.ijhcum.net/article_728546.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Krishnagiri is a significant hub for mango cultivation, primarily producing varieties like 'Banginapalli,' 'Alphonso,' and 'Thothapuri.' Despite the region’s favorable agro-climatic conditions, mango farming faces several challenges, including climate variability, inadequate infrastructure, and limited technology adoption. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of the mango supply chain in Krishnagiri, focusing on technology adoption, market access, infrastructure challenges, and government policies, with the primary objectives of identifying key barriers, assessing technology usage, and recommending interventions to enhance supply chain efficiency.METHODS: A mixed-methods methodology was employed, combining quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods analyses. Quantitative data were collected through structured surveys with 150 mango farmers, 80 traders, and 30 government officials. The survey included Likert-scale and multiple-choice questions covering technology adoption, market access, and infrastructure. Qualitative data were gathered through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and field visits, providing deeper insights into stakeholder perceptions and challenges. Statistical tools like the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and Excel were used for data analysis.RESULTS: The results show that 60% of farmers sell locally, 25% engage in export, and 15% rely on intermediaries. Technology use is low, with 68% reporting minimal digital tool adoption and only 12% using the Internet of Things or blockchain. Barriers to adoption affect 58%, with cost being the main issue for 40%. Infrastructure gaps are significant: 70% report inadequate cold storage, and 65% face transport issues like delays and poor roads, contributing to post-harvest losses. Water scarcity affects 62% due to groundwater overuse, and 45% report pest issues, mainly fruit flies and powdery mildew. Policy feedback is mixed, with 52% viewing government policies as effective while 48% cite poor local implementation. Encouragingly, 78% are willing to adopt new technologies if subsidized. Smart tech adoption remains low (mean 33.6%, benefit 27.4%, variance 32.64 and 31.04), and 55.6% are affected by logistics issues (severe impact variance 69.04). Farmer engagement shows high inconsistency (variance 356.9 vs. traders’ 236.97), with positively skewed data emphasizing the need for targeted support.CONCLUSION: The conclusion should highlight the importance of promoting digital tools and smart technologies, increasing Internet of Things and blockchain adoption (12%) through subsidies and digital literacy. By deploying smart logistics, it must address infrastructure gaps, with 70% lacking cold storage and 65% facing transport delays. Enhancing market access beyond local sales (60%) via Information and Communication Technology linkages is vital. Policy support through subsidies, awareness, and local implementation is needed. Future research should assess long-term tech adoption and policy impacts on urban resilience and smallholder sustainability. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_736047.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Digital transformation has become a defining factor in shaping entrepreneurial education and mindset in higher education. Despite growing institutional emphasis on digital entrepreneurship, many students and faculty members face persistent barriers that limit the transition from entrepreneurial intention to action. This study investigates how digital readiness, faculty engagement, and curriculum integration influence entrepreneurial mindset formation and help overcome cross-cultural differences in higher education institutions.METHODS: A quantitative survey was conducted among 225 participants, including students and faculty members from universities in Bulgaria, China, and Ukraine. The study employed correlation analysis, an independent samples t-test, and ANCOVA to examine relationships between digital literacy, faculty participation in digital projects, curriculum integration, and entrepreneurial intentions.FINDINGS: The study revealed a strong link between digital skills and entrepreneurial intentions: students with high digital literacy (4.6/5) were 46% more likely to pursue entrepreneurship than those with basic skills (3.2/5). Faculty involvement in digital projects also boosted support for student startups (4.2/5 vs 3.5/5). National differences in attitudes toward digital entrepreneurship largely reflected institutional digital readiness—77% of the initial 35-point gap was explained by curriculum integration of digital tools. Access to digital platforms increased perceived entrepreneurial feasibility by 32%, and institutions with comprehensive digital tools had 2.3 times more student-led startups than those with minimal infrastructure.CONCLUSION: The study confirms that digital competence, active faculty involvement, and curriculum-level integration of digital tools are essential for fostering an entrepreneurial mindset and reducing institutional and cultural barriers in higher education. Universities should develop digital entrepreneurship ecosystems that combine technical training, experiential learning, and inclusive support structures to cultivate innovation and sustainability across academic communities. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_731636.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Mediterranean city of Oran, located in Algerian coastal territory, experienced extensive morphological modifications through the sustained influence of Spanish and French colonial activities. Its strategic position attracted successive occupations that left visible traces in the urban form. This study analyzed how spatial structures evolved under these colonial regimes and how political and strategic decisions shaped Oran’s urban morphology. It also sought to explain the mechanisms through which these transformations occurred and how they continued to affect the city's organization.METHODS: Historical maps from 1736 and 1927 were used to analyze space syntax, measuring global and local network integration, choice, and intelligibility. The syntactic results were combined with the urban decoding principles developed by Caniggia and Maffei to provide historical context to the morphological shifts. These years were chosen because they represent turning points in Spanish and French urban planning strategies.FINDINGS: The integration value of Plaza Mayor in 1736 was 0.61, confirming its role as the central hub under Spanish rule. In 1927, the highest integration value shifted to Place d’Armes (0.66), reflecting the French strategic repositioning of the city’s core. This shift led to urban fragmentation and a reduction in intelligibility in certain areas. Despite modernization efforts, peripheral zones maintained low integration values, confirming persistent spatial segregation.CONCLUSION: The research established how colonial rule directly influenced the spatial layout of the city and demonstrated that spatial syntax is an effective tool for analyzing historical urban development patterns. The results contribute to urban heritage planning by showing how spatial dynamics reflect broader socio-political contexts. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_732265.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Green Training and Development is a crucial initiative for Higher Education Institutions to foster eco-friendly behavior by enhancing knowledge and emotional skills for sustained behavior. Society prioritizes economic development over environmental quality, neglecting environmental damage. Public awareness is limited, and educational employees are under-researched in environmental awareness. Sustainable consumption promotes responsible use of natural resources and essential services, ensuring the protection of people's well-being. The research highlights a significant under-researching of environmental awareness and behavior among educational employees, highlighting a lack of scholarly attention on the psychological and behavioral factors influencing these employees. A research gap exists on green training in reconciling environmental values with economic priorities or job security, highlighting the need for further understanding. The study examines the influence of green training and development on employees' eco-friendly citizenship behavior in higher education institutions, focusing on the mediating effect.METHODS: The study uses a quantitative method, utilizing a consent survey method and a questionnaire as the research instrument. The number of respondents in this study was 399 employees. This study utilized convenience sampling to select respondents in Malaysia. This study utilized SPSS, the SOBEL test, and SMART PLS4.FINDINGS: The study's objectives and hypotheses significantly influenced each variable. Seven hypotheses have been accepted (H1: t-value =9.093), (H2: t-value = 4.204), (H3: t-value = 6.273), (H4: t-value = 6.233), (H5: t-value = 5.191), (H6: t-value = 4.218) and (H7: t-value = 3.874). CONCLUSION: Research suggests that implementing greening or environmental management systems in the workplace is crucial for sustainable higher education development, as it enhances employee emotions and eco-friendly behavior. The study provides practical advice for institutions aiming to create a sustainable workforce by focusing on the human aspect of environmental management. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_728659.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The roots of Performance Management can be traced to ancient civilizations; however, the industrial revolution marked a turning point in this field, introducing concepts such as systematic evaluation, management by objectives, and excellence models. In modern times, PM has evolved to emphasize process analysis, self-assessment, benchmarking, and workforce development as core components. Despite these advancements, there is still a notable gap in the availability of a comprehensive, visually intuitive, and step-by-step framework to guide managers in implementing a holistic PM system. This manuscript aims to address this gap by introducing a detailed, graphical, and systematic PM model that provides clear guidance for practitioners.METHODS: This study reviews various performance and excellence models to propose a novel conceptual framework. The proposed model is evaluated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process, Data Envelopment Analysis, and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution.FINDINGS: The study constructs a new PM system by integrating an organization’s mission, vision, strategies, processes, and stakeholder perspectives into Key Performance Indicators. It involves collecting relevant data, applying a scoring mechanism, calculating departmental efficiency, and ranking organizations to establish a data-driven decision-making framework. A case study is presented to illustrate the model’s application, revealing that while DEA assigned 100% efficiency to two distinct organizations, TOPSIS yielded scores of 94.67% and 46.86%, with different rankings. The reasons for these discrepancies are thoroughly examined and discussed.CONCLUSION: This manuscript introduces a conceptual model for PM, structured around eight key steps. These steps include team formation, indicator development, Balanced Scorecard development, weight calculation, scoring system design, data collection, data analysis, and feedback and continuous improvement. The model classifies KPIs into three main categories: specialized KPIs that are derived from missions, visions, strategies, critical success factors, and core processes. Self-assessment KPIs, developed based on established excellence models, and customer survey KPIs, designed to capture external stakeholder feedback. AHP is employed to determine the weights of the KPIs and BSC aspects, ensuring a systematic and objective prioritization. DEA is utilized for efficiency calculations, while the TOPSIS method is applied to analyze the results and derive actionable managerial insights. To demonstrate the model's applicability, it is implemented in a hypothetical municipality using arbitrary data, showcasing its capability to provide a comprehensive and structured approach to performance management. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_732266.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study explores the influence of collective decision-making on mitigating key cognitive biases—namely, overconfidence, optimism, and anchoring effects—among managers in Iranian state-run organizations. Cognitive biases are systematic errors in thinking that impair judgment and decision quality, often leading to suboptimal outcomes in organizational contexts. Given the high stakes and complexity of managerial decisions in public sector settings, identifying mechanisms to reduce such biases is both practically and theoretically significant. The primary objective of this research is to determine whether collective decision-making, characterized by collaborative deliberation and shared responsibility, can serve as an effective tool for bias reduction.METHODS: A quantitative survey methodology was employed, utilizing a structured Likert-scale questionnaire distributed among 152 managers at different hierarchical levels in governmental institutions. The instrument's internal consistency was verified with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.857, indicating high reliability. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, mean comparisons against scale midpoints, and significance testing using inferential methods.FINDINGS: Findings revealed that collective decision-making significantly reduced the levels of overconfidence, unrealistic optimism, and anchoring bias among participants (p < 0.05). These results suggest that involving multiple perspectives in decision processes enhances rationality by exposing individual assumptions to group scrutiny, thus improving the quality and accuracy of managerial judgments.CONCLUSION: The implications of this study are particularly relevant for organizational leadership and policy-making in public institutions. Encouraging collective decision-making not only minimizes the costs associated with biased decisions but also fosters a culture of collaboration, accountability, and shared learning. This approach can reduce psychological stress related to decision-making responsibilities and improve overall organizational performance. By highlighting the cognitive benefits of group-based decision strategies, the study contributes to the broader literature on decision science, organizational behavior, and public management, offering practical insights for managerial training and institutional reform https://www.ijhcum.net/article_728804.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: As artificial intelligence increasingly transforms business potential, its adoption in small businesses has become a growing interest. This study explores college students’ perceptions of artificial intelligence in the context of small businesses, comparing insights from Kuwait and Malaysia. With small businesses playing a pivotal role in the economic growth of both countries, understanding how future employees perceive artificial intelligence can provide valuable guidance for educators, entrepreneurs, and policymakers. The research aims to investigate key factors such as artificial intelligence awareness, perceived benefits and challenges, willingness to adopt artificial intelligence technologies, and the perceived effectiveness of artificial intelligence in improving business operations. In addition, a bibliometric analysis was conducted to compare the research trends and national emphasis on artificial intelligence in business within the two countries.METHODS: A quantitative research approach was employed using a structured survey distributed to a total of 834 university students from Kuwait and Malaysia. The survey collected data on various dimensions, including artificial intelligence awareness, perceived utility, anticipated challenges, and readiness to engage with artificial intelligence in small business settings. The data were statistically analyzed to determine significant differences and similarities across the two national contexts. Also, a bibliometric analysis was carried out to explore the scholarly output and collaboration trends related to artificial intelligence and business in both countries.FINDINGS: Statistical analysis of the survey data from 834 students (433 from Malaysia and 401 from Kuwait) revealed high mean scores across all constructs, ranging from 3.90 to 4.08 on a 5-point Likert scale, indicating overall positive perceptions of AI’s role in small businesses. Independent-samples t-tests showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the two countries regarding AI awareness, perceived benefits, anticipated challenges, willingness to adopt AI, and perceived impact on SMEs. Reliability coefficients (Cronbach’s α) for the constructs ranged from 0.73 to 0.86, confirming internal consistency. Additionally, bibliometric analysis showed that Malaysia produced 105 relevant publications from 2010–2024, with 1,872 total citations, while Kuwait produced 10 publications from 2018–2024, with 234 citations. Despite fewer publications, Kuwait demonstrated higher average citations per paper (23.4 vs. 17.83), indicating a high-impact research contribution.CONCLUSION: This study underscores the universal recognition of artificial intelligence's value in small businesses among young professionals in Kuwait and Malaysia. The findings highlight the need for context-sensitive policies, focused artificial intelligence education, and hands-on support mechanisms for small enterprises. Cross-cultural collaboration and targeted research initiatives are recommended to responsibly harness artificial intelligence’s potential and drive sustainable innovation in the small business sector. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_736064.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Organizational sustainability has become a focal point for businesses worldwide, with growing interest in how dynamic capabilities contribute to sustainability from environmental, social, and economic perspectives. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dynamic capability on sustainability within small and medium-sized enterprises using the Triple Bottom Line and Natural Resource-Based View frameworks. Specifically, it explored how dynamic capabilities influence the adoption and implementation of sustainable business practices in Small and Medium Enterprises.METHODS: Structural equation modeling based on partial least squares was employed to analyze the data using data from a survey of 448 Small and Medium Enterprise owners and managers in Bangladesh. This study used PLS-SEM with SmartPLS (version 3.2.9) and IBM SPSS Statistics (ver. 26). This methodology helped examine the relationships between dynamic capability, business model innovation, and organizational sustainability across the three TBL dimensions.FINDINGS: The results showed that dynamic capability had a significant direct impact on organizational sustainability, with adaptability, innovation, and resource reconfiguration being key drivers. While business model innovation positively contributed to sustainability, its mediating effect in the relationship between dynamic capability and sustainability was found to be modest. This study also found that dynamic capability, which negatively affects business model innovation uptake, accounted for 13.3 % of the influence on organizational sustainability.CONCLUSION: These findings provided policy-makers with crucial information for better e-waste management policy development, addressing the conflict between development and conservation. These insights may be applicable in Bangladesh and other countries as well. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_729721.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Globally, public housing delivery faces persistent challenges in meeting the growing demand for affordable and accessible housing. Despite several national interventions, the gap between policy intent and housing outcomes remains significant. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of government-funded housing delivery by examining levels of awareness, accessibility, affordability, and associated financial burdens among residents of public housing estates in Ogun State, Nigeria.METHODS: An evaluative research design incorporated both primary and secondary data. The study population comprised residents of fully completed and occupied federal housing estates. A systematic sampling technique selected 134 housing units from a sampling frame of 1,337. Data were gathered through structured questionnaires and direct observations and were analysed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation at a 0.05 significance level.FINDINGS: Among the respondents, 67% reported awareness of the housing delivery initiative, while 52% indicated that housing units were difficult to access. 47.5% perceived the housing units as expensive, and 22.5% rated them as very expensive. The financial burden was notably high, with power supply (AMS = 4.47), housing costs (AMS = 4.25), and water provision (AMS = 4.23) ranked as top cost concerns. Significant correlations were observed between housing costs and water provision (r = .994, p = .001), power supply (r = .992, p = .001), and transport to work (r = .970, p = .006). Furthermore, 38.5% of residents rated the housing environment as poor, while 46.8% described internal road infrastructure as poor.CONCLUSION: The findings revealed substantial gaps in the design and implementation of public housing delivery programs, with issues of affordability, accessibility, and infrastructure maintenance contributing to financial stress among residents. Stronger political will, targeted subsidies, improved infrastructure, and inclusive publicity strategies are required to enhance housing outcomes and ensure that housing delivery is equitable, affordable, and sustainable. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_736144.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the disposal practices of residential Bio-Medical Waste and the challenges faced by urban local bodies in managing such waste in Himachal Pradesh, India. With a notable rise in home-based healthcare, especially post-COVID-19, households are generating increasing amounts of waste from activities such as self-medication, chronic illness management, and the use of disposable medical items and personal protective equipment. Despite this trend, most households mix Bio-Medical Waste with general municipal waste due to limited awareness, the absence of segregation systems, and a lack of designated disposal facilities. This poses significant risks to public health, particularly for waste workers and the broader community, and strains municipal waste management infrastructure. Urban authorities, constrained by inadequate policies, insufficient infrastructure, and limited financial and technical capacity, struggle to address this emerging challenge. METHODS: The study utilized a mixed-methods approach, including household surveys, field observations, and stakeholder interviews across Himachal Pradesh state and the urban local bodies of various districts. In this study, the regression analysis and factor analysis tools are used to achieve the research objectivesFINDINGS: The results revealed that an urgent need for clear policy frameworks, as 72% of ULBs lacked specific guidelines for residential Bio-Medical Waste, and no penalties for improper disposal in 85 percent of cases. Public education, dedicated Bio-Medical Waste collection systems, staggering 68 percent of surveyed households admitted to mixing Bio-Medical Waste with general garbage due to a lack of awareness (42%), absence of dedicated bins (35%), convenience (23%), households found it easier to dispose of Bio-Medical Waste with regular trash and health risks to workers engaged in municipal solid waste management in urban areas, 89% of workers are encountered to Bio-Medical Waste daily, with 62% reporting injuries (needle-sticks, infections), in 28% of cases, no formal training or personal protective equipment was provided, and only 10% of workers are aware of the hazards of Bio-Medical Waste. CONCLUSION: The research provides valuable insights for policymakers and urban managers to design more resilient and inclusive Bio-Medical Waste management strategies for sustainable urban health governance. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_732008.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Land use change is a pressing global environmental crisis requiring scientific study for sustainable regional decisions. This study analyzes the spatial-temporal dynamics of land use in the Hyrcanian forests of western Mazandaran province from 2013-2023 using remote sensing data. Image classification was based on six land use classes: vegetation, built-up, agriculture, water bodies, forest, and bare land. METHODS: An Artificial Neural Network was employed to predict land use changes over ten years. The model was validated by comparing the simulated 2023 map with the actual map, resulting in a Kappa coefficient of 92%.FINDINGS: Land use change maps from 2013-2023 show that built-up areas increased by 26.5517 km2, while forest and other vegetation decreased by 43.6353 km2 and 85.1967 km2, respectively. Projections for 2023-2033 indicate similar trends: an increase in built-up areas by 31.3106 km2 and a decrease in forest and other natural areas by 8.875 km2 and 16.6104 km2, respectively.CONCLUSION: This research offers a valuable tool for the sustainable management of Hyrcanian forests, aiding informed decision-making for environmental improvement, identifying threats, optimal resource management, and predicting the effects of climate change. It offers valuable insights for sustainable planning, management, and improved environmental outcomes. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_732739.html iBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Thailand’s population is aging rapidly, so it is important to develop more creative toys to enhance the purchase intention of elderly people. Moreover, Thailand has fewer recreational toys than other countries. This study shows how psychological, conceptual, and environmental factors impact older people's purchase of recreational toys.METHODS: Using three theories, such as Planned Behavior, Flow Theory, and Theory of Successful Aging, a quantitative survey was conducted with 196 caregivers in Bangkok. Due to utility, quality, enjoyment, and accessibility, elderly people have continuously purchased these recreational toys. They feel a personal connection to the toys.FINDINGS: Trust is an important factor in consumer decision-making, involving both direct and indirect effects, while emotional connection is one of the main reasons for purchasing and has the largest effect (β = 0.42). On the other hand, price sensitivity has negative effects (β = -0.15) because of the high cost, causing elderly people to hesitate to buy toys. This model explains the variance of purchase intention (R² = 0.67) with 66%, which is predicted by a robust mechanism. This mechanism shows that older caregivers' focus shifts from practical evaluations to relational factors. Elderly individuals in Thailand show purchase patterns driven by emotional connections and perceived utility in recreational toys, while price sensitivity often serves as a barrier. This study clarifies how factors like trust and accessibility significantly influence their buying decisions. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that politicians and toy company marketers should focus on gaining people's confidence, engaging them emotionally, and creating affordable, user-friendly products for elderly people in developing nations. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_729880.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Human Resource Analytics has become a strategic enabler in modern workforce management, particularly amid digital transformation. However, scholarly research in Human Resource Analytics remains fragmented across regions and disciplines. This study employs bibliometric analysis to map global research output in Human Resource Analytics from 2012 to 2024, identifying trends, influential contributors, thematic concentrations, and underexplored areas.METHODS: A bibliometric analysis approach was applied using data retrieved from the Scopus database. The dataset covered publication metadata, including authorship, institutional affiliation, geographic origin, keywords, sources, and citation counts. VOSviewer software was used to construct visual maps illustrating keyword co-occurrence, co-authorship networks, and citation clusters, enabling a comprehensive overview of research activity and intellectual structure in the Human Resource Analytics.FINDINGS: A total of 211 publications are identified and analysed over 13 years, involving 602 contributors. The analysis highlights 2,674 citations, with an average of 12.67 citations per paper. The corresponding h-index and g-index are 24 and 47, respectively. The results reveal three research themes. They present an increasing global interest, with leading contributions from high-income countries. The three core themes are workforce analytics, Artificial Intelligence in Human Resource Management, and strategic decision-making. Notably, low representation from developing regions and limited use of advanced predictive analytics highlight critical research gaps.CONCLUSION: This study provides a comprehensive quantitative overview of the evolution of Human Resource Analytics scholarship. It guides future research by identifying emerging priorities, regional disparities, and methodological developments, offering valuable insights for advancing data-driven human resource practices and fostering more strategic, evidence-based decision-making in HR management and policy development globally. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_732738.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The proliferation of smartphones has transformed the modern workplace, blurring boundaries between personal and professional life. While smartphone use facilitates flexibility and real-time communication, it can also intensify job demands and emotional strain. Despite extensive global research on technology-related stress, limited attention has been given to the mediating role of job stress in the relationship between workplace smartphone use and employee well-being in the Iranian context. This study addresses this gap by investigating how smartphone use affects job burnout and engagement through the mediating mechanism of job stress.METHODS:This applied, quantitative research adopted a positivist paradigm and a deductive approach, utilizing a descriptive-survey design. Data were collected via an online questionnaire distributed among employees of Mobile Communication of Iran (Hamrah-e Aval), yielding 313 valid responses from a total population of 1,700. Standardized questionnaires adapted from established scales on smartphone use, stress, job burnout, and engagement were employed. The instruments were validated through back-translation and expert review, and reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (all above 0.70). Structural Equation Modeling with Smart Partial Least Squares 3 was employed for hypothesis testing.FINDINGS:Findings reveal that smartphone use significantly increases job stress (β = 0.262, p < 0.001). In turn, stress positively affects job burnout (β = 0.296, p < 0.001) and negatively affects job engagement (β = –0.182, p < 0.001). While smartphone use directly increases burnout (β = 0.168, p = 0.000), it does not directly impact job engagement (β = 0.088, p = 0.290). Mediation analysis confirmed that job stress partially mediates the relationship between smartphone use and both burnout and engagement.CONCLUSION:Workplace smartphone use has a dual impact: it indirectly contributes to job burnout and disengagement via increased stress. These findings emphasize the importance of managing job stress to mitigate the negative psychological outcomes of ubiquitous mobile connectivity. Organizations should implement targeted interventions—such as flexible work policies, stress-reduction programs, and smartphone usage guidelines—to enhance employee well-being and performance in digitally connected environments. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_729623.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Batna city's road network has evolved due to various factors, particularly residents’ practices and movements, which have shaped the city’s routes and spatial hierarchies. However, the logic of urban production has been unexplored through the prism of user experience. This study aimed to analyze the spatial configuration of the city’s road network, to identify the mechanisms driving the city’s evolution, highlighting the users’ contribution, providing guidelines for future, thoughtful urban planning, and enhancing the quality of urban space by reconciling city users' perception with different approaches to planning.METHODS: The study applied space syntax Analysis, using depthmap 10 software. It calculated the following parameters: Connectivity, integration, and entropy, and analyzed 25753 axes of Batna’s road network. These measures allowed understanding users’ perception of accessibility, movement, and route choices. This analysis was complemented by a sociological study and field observations. To assess the robustness of the relationship between these parameters, statistical tests were performed, including Pearson and Spearman correlations, as well as a linear regression test analyzed through the ANOVA table, to examine the relationships between two dualities: connectivity/ integration and connectivity/ entropy.FINDINGS: Connectivity values in Batna city ranged from 0 to 7, with higher values (4-7) found in formal districts. The average integration value was 1.17, peaking at 2.63. Pearson and Spearman confirmed strong correlations between these attributes (p-value less than 0.001), while the ANOVA table from linear regression predicted 14% of the variance in Integration. These values revealed areas with high centrality and accessibility, aligning with the questionnaire responses on urban dynamics and frequency. The analysis also recorded high spatial choice and complexity, revealed by a maximum entropy value of 1.057, observed in more than 25753 spatial units analyzed in this study.CONCLUSION: The study was distinguished by the inclusive approach, based on the exhaustive analysis of the road structure of Batna city. It highlighted that urban quality and perception, although immaterial and subjective concepts, can be objectified and analyzed rigorously. It advocated for urban planning that is more sensitive to spatial configuration. This study was unique in that it analyzed the entire road network of the city, thus providing a solid basis for testing, in future research, other parameters derived from the Space Syntax method. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_734413.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In the face of growing environmental challenges, universities play a vital role in advancing sustainability through both institutional practices and individual actions. While organisational culture can significantly shape employee green behaviour, limited research has examined how specific elements of green culture drive such practices in academia. This study addresses this gap by exploring the link between green culture enablers and employee green behavior in higher education. As integral parts of the urban ecosystem, HEIs also influence urban management, extending their sustainability impact beyond campuses to support broader city-level environmental goals.METHODS: Data were collected from 266 university employees through a structured questionnaire. The hypothesized model was tested using regression analysis to determine the predictive power of green culture enablers on employee green behavior in university employees. FINDINGS: The green culture enablers were found to have a positive relationship with green behavior. Message credibility (β = 0.453) and employee empowerment (β = 0.296) were found to be the strongest and most significant predictors of green behavior. Leadership emphasis was found to be a weaker but significant predictor. Surprisingly, Peer involvement was not found to significantly predict green behavior when controlling for other variables.CONCLUSION: This study concludes that cultivating a supportive green culture through credible communication, engaged leadership, and peer-driven initiatives is crucial for fostering sustainable behaviors in higher education institutions. It contributes to the growing body of sustainability literature by highlighting how internal cultural factors influence individual green behavior. By addressing contextual variables such as institution type, the research also overcomes the generalization limitations found in earlier studies. The findings offer insights for urban policymakers and HEI administrators on leveraging human capital to drive sustainable urban development." https://www.ijhcum.net/article_729842.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study explored the complex relationships among economic growth, environmental policies, renewable energy adoption, and carbon emissions in various economic environments, specifically focusing on Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. These factors are investigated through the lens of the Environmental Kuznets Curve framework to discover if these emerging economies adhere to, vary from, or demonstrate distinctive variants. This study has established a framework for analyzing how development phases impact environmental degradation and evaluates the sustainability initiatives, particularly focusing on renewable energy adoption and policy change, to help lessen carbon emissions in different economic contexts. METHODS: The study employed a range of statistical and econometric techniques to examine the relationship among economic growth, environmental policies, renewable energy adoption, and carbon emissions in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa from 1990 to 2022. This study used statistical analysis through descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. Furthermore, stationarity of the data is tested by using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron tests. Moreover, the bounds testing is utilized to examine the cointegration among the estimated variables, whereas the Autoregressive Distributed Lag method is applied to investigate both short and long-run elasticities. By utilizing these methods collectively, a detailed investigation of whether panels of these economies align with, deviate from, or exhibit variations in the Environmental Kuznets Curve framework.FINDINGS: The findings revealed that an inverted U-shaped trajectory between economic development and environmental pollution is evident in Russia, South Africa, Brazil, and China, suggesting that as economic development increases in these countries, environmental degradation worsens because of escalating carbon emissions. Four key points of particular interest from energy, environmental, and economic perspectives are: (1) realigning panel of these countries’ industrialization and economic development policies with environment management initiatives, acknowledging that (2) an all-size-fits-all renewable energy consumption policy may not be equally effective in abating carbon emissions across all economies, (3) the incomplete coverage of consumptions sources and a subset of industries limiting a higher carbon tax’s effective reduction in carbon emissions (4) financial regulations and incentives related to carbon taxes, green financing, or sustainable investments and emission reductions providing an impactful and novel avenue for enhancing financial development’s carbon emissions inhibiting role.CONCLUSION: These findings may offer policy-makers or organizations key information for sustainable development policies, which help address the conflict between economic growth and environmental quality, and may be applicable in all selected countries as well as other developing countries. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_735863.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The assessment of quality of life is a complex, multi-dimensional task that incorporates both objective and subjective indicators. Traditional economic metrics often fail to fully capture the true well-being of populations. This paper aims to analyze existing methods for assessing quality of life, propose a comprehensive and flexible index that integrates multiple indicators, and highlight the importance of balancing objective and subjective criteria to better understand the dynamics of population well-being across different countries.METHODS: The study reviews various approaches to measuring quality of life, including objective, subjective, and complex methodologies. It synthesises data from international research, including indices such as the Human Development Index, the Euromodule, and the Happiness Index, among others. The authors develop a new assessment framework based on constructing composite indices from selected indicators across the economic, social, demographic, and environmental sectors, integrated in a linear form with weights defined by factor analysis. Graphical data analysis, normalisation, and index formation techniques are used for comparative assessments across countries.FINDINGS: Existing methods, such as the Human Development Index and the Happiness Index, have limitations in capturing the full scope of quality of life due to their focus on either objective or subjective components alone. The proposed complex quality-of-life index, integrating multiple sub-indicators, offers a more comprehensive picture of population well-being. It shows that in Armenia quality-of-life score gradually increased from 0.321 in 2012 to 0.355 in 2018, but after reaching its highest point, the score decreased to 0.337 in 2019, remaining lower at 0.353 in 2020 and 0.336 in 2021. This indicates that the country experienced a decline or volatility in quality-of-life measures in recent years. Despite these fluctuations, the scores remained within a relatively narrow range (approximately 0.321 to 0.355), suggesting that while improvements and setbacks occurred, the overall level of quality of life remained moderately stable over the last decade. CONCLUSION: The complex approach presented provides a valuable framework for ongoing international comparisons and for tracking changes in quality of life over time, emphasizing the importance of integrating diverse socio-economic and cultural factors into quality-of-life assessments. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_732017.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The management of high-level nuclear waste is a pressing global challenge, with over 400,000 metric tons in temporary storage worldwide. International disputes frequently arise due to disagreements over site selection, cost allocation, environmental risks, and long-term liability, often leading to negotiation deadlocks. Existing governance frameworks lack structured mechanisms to balance the competing objectives of multiple stakeholders, including waste-producing ("Disposer") nations and potentially affected ("Affected") nations. This paper aims to resolve these transboundary nuclear waste treatment conflicts by developing a hybrid analytical model that integrates Game Theory to model strategic interactions and the ε-Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (ε-MOEA) to find optimal solutions that balance competing goals such as cost, environmental safety, and economic benefits.METHODS: This manuscript employs a combined Game Theory and computational algorithm approach to resolve international nuclear waste disputes. Game Theory models the conflict between two player types: disposer countries (waste producers) and affected countries (those impacted by disposal). Each player has specific goals, strategies, and costs, with the model seeking a Nash Equilibrium-a stable agreement where no country can unilaterally improve its outcome. Due to the problem's high complexity with multiple competing objectives, the study utilizes the ε-MOEA optimization algorithm. This algorithm efficiently explores millions of possible strategy combinations to identify optimal compromises, balancing outcomes to ensure fair and practical solutions for all involved countries.FINDINGS: Computational experiments compared ε-MOEA against other multi-objective algorithms (NSGA-II, NSGA-III, PESA2, VEGA). The key finding was that all algorithms converged to the same optimal fitness value (-5280.33), demonstrating the model's robustness in identifying a stable equilibrium. However, ε-MOEA achieved this result with the shortest and most stable runtime (approximately 5.00 seconds per iteration), significantly outperforming other algorithms in computational efficiency. This indicates that ε-MOEA is particularly well-suited for solving this complex, high-dimensional problem efficiently, providing a diverse set of Pareto-optimal solutions for policymakers to evaluate trade-offs.CONCLUSION: A hybrid Game theory and ε-MOEA framework effectively resolves international nuclear waste conflicts by modeling strategic interactions and optimizing for multiple objectives. This scalable approach identifies stable, fair agreements that balance the interests of both producing and affected nations, supporting sustainable international governance. Future work should focus on improving computational efficiency for larger numbers of players. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_732110.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study examined the implementation of the BPD Kaltimtara headquarters project in Indonesia’s New Capital City (Ibu Kota Nusantara/IKN) as a pioneering quasi-public-private partnership (quasi-PPP) model. Unlike conventional PPPs that emphasize formal risk-sharing and standardized regulation, this initiative reflected an adaptive, trust-based collaboration among actors with asymmetrical resources and authority. The research aimed to describe actor collaboration patterns, assess adaptive coordination mechanisms addressing regulatory uncertainty, and evaluate intermediate outcomes in institutional trust, financial commitment, and project readiness.METHODS: A descriptive qualitative design with an exploratory orientation was employed. Data were collected from February to July 2025 through four integrated techniques: in-depth interviews with ten key informants, one focus group discussion involving eight participants, participatory observation of coordination meetings and project sites, and comprehensive documentary analysis. Institutional trust was measured using a 5-point Likert scale, financial commitment was verified through internal capital budgeting documents, and project readiness was assessed across five critical dimensions. Data were analyzed using the interactive model of Miles et al., (2014) with four triangulation strategies to ensure credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability following Lincoln and Guba’s (1985) criteria.FINDINGS: The study revealed five operational principles of asymmetric collaborative governance: complementary asymmetry, adaptive coordination, shared value creation, flexible accountability, and iterative trust building. Quantitatively, the project achieved a trust index of 4.2 (provincial government–BPD) and 3.1 (IKN Authority–partnership). BPD Kaltimtara financed 100% of the IDR 85 billion investment, reallocating 8% of its annual capital budget. Despite regulatory delays, the partnership achieved full technical design completion, environmental assessment approval, and institutional alignment through adaptive coordination mechanisms led by the Tim Percepatan IKN Kaltim task force.CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrate that asymmetric collaborative governance, anchored in shared value creation and adaptive coordination, enables regional institutions to sustain strategic infrastructure development under uncertainty. This quasi-PPP model offers theoretical insights for governance innovation and practical guidance for designing flexible, trust-based frameworks in decentralized and polycentric development environments. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_729722.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVESIn the manufacturing sector, selecting the most suitable supplier is a critical strategic decision. In today's context, where sustainability has become a key performance indicator, the automotive industry emphasises supplier selection strategies that align with traditional economic criteria, as well as environmental and social sustainability. Sustainable supplier selection is a complex decision-making process. The objective of this article is to simplify the selection of a supplier, considering all three sustainability factors as important through the expertise of experts.METHODS: In this study, a grey-based decision-making approach is employed. To address ambiguity and capture subjective judgments effectively, a linguistic scale-based questionnaire is utilized for both supplier evaluation and criteria weight determination. The model converts the expert rating into a grey number-based rating for the criteria weight and the supplier performance rating on each of the identified criteria. The proposed method computes the relative closeness index. The evaluated relative closeness index ranks the best suppliers that are closest to the ideal positive supplier. To demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed methodology, a case study from the automotive industry is presented.FINDINGS: The proposed method employs grey numbers to evaluate the criteria weights and grey numbers for supplier rating. Using modified grey relational analysis, the suppliers are ranked. The criteria identified by the experts were both quantitative and qualitative. The best sustainable supplier is supplier 4, with the relative closeness index farthest from the possibility degree 0.5, with a value of 0.7622. A comparative analysis was conducted, revealing that the top three ranked suppliers demonstrated consistent positions across the evaluated methodsCONCLUSION: Suppliers from the automobile sector were evaluated using distinct criteria. Industry experts prioritized traditional operational factors such as technical capability, product quality, delivery reliability, workplace safety, and employee health. Furthermore, environmental performance and sustainability were also rated favourably, highlighting the growing importance of environmentally sustainable practices. The study emphasizes the reduction in computational complexity associated with making informed decisions in complex scenarios. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_734476.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Decentralized waste governance in resource-constrained regions presents complex challenges where infrastructural expansion alone does not guarantee systemic resilience. Banyumas Regency, Indonesia, provides a critical case: following the abrupt landfill closure in 2018, the local government launched the “Sumpah Beruang” program, which initially reduced landfill-bound waste by over 90 percent. However, persistent inefficiencies such as underutilized facilities, stockpiled refuse-derived fuel, and declining digital engagement exposed governance and market fragilities. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Banyumas’s Zero Waste strategy by examining its institutional adaptability, financial resilience, and stakeholder dynamics, while situating its relevance within broader circular economy transitions in decentralized settings.METHODS: A convergent mixed-methods approach was applied, combining policy content analysis, institutional scoring, and financial benchmarking. Primary data were obtained through 20 semi-structured interviews with government officials, waste operators, community-based waste groups, and industrial off-takers. Secondary data included facility operations, household surveys, and municipal records. Comparative benchmarking with international refuse-derived fuel systems and institutional frameworks was undertaken. Triangulation ensured validity across qualitative narratives, operational statistics, and economic indicators.FINDINGS: Results show significant upstream-midstream trade-offs. While landfill diversion exceeded 90%, facility utilization averaged only 58.25%, and over 160,000 tons of refuse-derived fuel remained unsold due to unstable quality and limited market absorption. This paradox underscores the fragility of end-of-pipe solutions in circular economy contexts. Institutional assessment revealed the local public service agency governance model scored substantially higher (4.35/5) compared to the technical implementation unit system (2.7/5), suggesting improved fiscal autonomy and partnership flexibility. Stakeholder mapping highlighted asymmetrical power: cement factories and the state electricity company dominate refuse-derived fuel markets, while community-based waste management groups and households remain marginal actors. Financial analysis showed revenue dependency on household fees (more than 85%), leaving the system vulnerable to non-compliance. Scenario modeling indicated that refuse-derived fuel co-firing could reduce up to 140,000 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent annually, representing United States Dollar 0.7–1.4 million in potential climate finance revenue if integrated with global carbon markets.CONCLUSION: The study reveals that transforming the current technical implementation unit model into a public service agency significantly enhances fiscal autonomy and stakeholder coordination. We propose an integrated framework combining institutional reform, digital citizen engagement, and climate finance instruments. As a single case study focused on Banyumas Regency, the findings may have limited generalizability to regions with different governance or market contexts. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_729624.html Floods in urban areas remain a critical threat to human life, health, and economic stability. This study focused on Nigeria's urban flooding, which has become a yearly occurrence. Recently, floods have been deepened by the climate change situation, urban planning lapses, and overwhelmed drainage infrastructures. Other factors intensifying urban flooding in Nigeria include rapid urbanization, choking off the natural spaces and vegetation with impervious surfaces, and accelerating stormwater runoff. The Nigerian government has implemented various flood risk management strategies, including the National Disaster Response Plan and flood control measures such as flood warning, preparedness, and responses. However, studies from the literature confirmed the insufficient understanding of flood events, such as the driving variables and uncertainties about watershed characteristics and climatic variability that impede flood risk management and prediction skills. Therefore, more proactive, sustainable strategies to handle floods are desperately needed in light of the numerous recent climate and flooding-related calamities ravaging the low-lying regions. Similarly, there is a paucity of empirical research on sustainable solutions for attenuating the volume of runoff that is seemingly resulting in flooding. This review fills this gap in the literature. More so, aligning with the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainable flood risk solutions touch on several SDGs, targeting all sustainable practices, resilient infrastructure, water management, sustainable cities and communities, and the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems. This review equally focuses on harnessing the potential embedded in the sustainable practices that can fit into other purposes. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_735870.html Contemporary urban centers, including Tehran, the capital of Iran, are grappling with complex challenges such as institutional fragmentation, data scarcity, and a decline in citizen engagement, which underscore the need for innovative approaches to urban governance. This article explores the potential of gamification—the application of game design elements in non-game contexts—as a strategic tool to enhance citizen participation in Tehran's urban policymaking and management processes. By leveraging elements such as points, competition, progress levels, and rewards, gamification can transform traditional, often opaque and formal, policymaking into a more appealing, transparent, and accessible experience for a broader public. The primary objective of this study is to elucidate the foundational concepts of gamification, analyze its impact on the quality of urban policy decisions and implementation, and propose practical, context-specific strategies for its successful application in Tehran. Through a detailed examination of successful global case studies, including CityScopeAR in the United States, ParmoSense in Japan, and Game.UP in Germany and Austria, this research analyzes the potential for local adaptation and alignment of these approaches with Tehran's unique socio-cultural needs and existing infrastructure. The findings suggest that a well-designed gamification framework can not only significantly increase citizen participation rates but also generate valuable data for evidence-based policymaking, foster a stronger sense of community belonging, and empower citizens to assume a more proactive role in shaping their city's future. Ultimately, this research provides a comprehensive and actionable set of recommendations for Tehran's urban management to strengthen smart and participatory governance in the Iranian capital. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_733987.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Low-carbon tourism was recognized as a crucial contributor to mitigating the effects of climate change; however, tourists often failed to translate pro-environmental intentions into actions. This study examined the influence of Digital Information Perception, the perceived credibility and usefulness of online information, and Social Media Engagement, the active interaction with social media content and peer networks, the perceived behavioral control through social media, on pro-environmental attitudes among urban, well-educated, and digitally literate seniors. The research aimed to identify the predictors of intention and behavior toward low-carbon tourism within a digital context. METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 400 respondents. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling to test the extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model incorporating digital constructs. The variables included DIP, SME, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, and low-carbon behavior. FINDINGS: The primary evidence from the SEM analysis reveals the significant predictors of intention to adopt low-carbon practices. The mean score discrepancy highlights the large gap between pro-environmental intentions and actual behaviors, with 78% of respondents reporting high pro-environmental intentions, reflected in a mean score of 4.29, in contrast to only 54% exhibiting consistent low-carbon behaviors, indicated by a lower mean score of 2.56. Additionally, the beta coefficient for the pathway from behavioral intention to low-carbon tourism behavior was found to be β = 0.610, emphasizing its strong influence in the model. These findings underscore the substantial intention–behavior gap in the context of low-carbon tourism among urban seniors. CONCLUSION: The model fit was satisfactory, with indices indicating a good fit (CFI > 0.90, RMSEA < 0.08). This supports the validity of the extended Theory of Planned Behavior model in predicting low-carbon tourism intentions among urban seniors. This suggests that seniors find the credibility and usefulness of general online information (DIP) more influential for intention than active interaction with social media. So, to develop eco-friendly tourism among elders, the focus should be on low-carbon tourism options. Due to purposive, non-random sampling of urban, digitally literate seniors, the results should be interpreted as exploratory; future studies should employ representative and longitudinal designs to examine the persistence of low-carbon behaviors over time. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_735860.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Micro, small, and medium enterprises play a vital role in Indonesia’s urban economy, contributing 60.5% to Gross Domestic Product and fostering employment and economic resilience. However, despite policy support through Law No. 20/2008 on MSMEs, performance gaps persist in secondary cities where over 60% of MSMEs fail within five years due to managerial, financial, and adaptive constraints, a critical concern for Indonesia's 98 secondary cities, housing 40% of national micro, small, and medium enterprises. This study examines how entrepreneurial orientation, owner’s education, and business capital influence MSME performance, with strategic agility as a mediating variable, in Mojokerto, East Java.METHODS: A quantitative-explanatory design was applied using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in SmartPLS 4.0. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews conducted from February to March 2024 with 60 micro, small, and medium enterprise owners registered under the Badan Usaha Milik Desa or village-owned enterprises in Mojokerto Regency. Five constructs, entrepreneurial orientation (5 indicators), owner’s education level (4), business capital (4), strategic agility (4), and MSME performance (4), were measured using five-point Likert scales. The measurement model was tested for reliability and validity, followed by structural model evaluation and hypothesis testing via bootstrapping with 5,000 resamples at α = 0.05.FINDINGS: All constructs demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability, with indicator loadings above 0.787, composite reliability (CR) ranging from 0.878 to 0.928, and average variance extracted ranging from 0.644 to 0.766. The owner’s education level had a significant positive effect on MSME performance (β = 0.342, t = 2.203, p = 0.028), accounting for 12.6% of its variance. Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) did not significantly affect performance (β = -0.152, p = 0.296) or strategic agility (β = -0.180, p = 0.263). Likewise, business capital had no significant effect on either performance (β = 0.184, p = 0.168) or agility (β = -0.041, p = 0.755). The effect of strategic agility on performance was positive but not statistically significant (β = 0.237, p = 0.101). Mediation analysis confirmed that strategic agility did not significantly mediate any relationships (all p > 0.40).CONCLUSION: Owner’s education level emerges as the primary determinant of MSME performance in Indonesia’s secondary cities, exerting a direct influence rather than through strategic agility. Strengthening human capital is therefore essential for urban entrepreneurial resilience. These findings suggest that while Law No. 20/2008 on MSMEs provides the legal framework for MSME development, implementation should prioritize human capital enhancement over capital provision alone. Policymakers should emphasize accessible education, managerial development, and digital literacy for MSME owners through targeted programs aligned with Presidential Regulation No. 2/2022 on Job Creation, over financial or promotional incentives. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_735866.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Carbon emissions from the daily activities of urban populations are a primary contributor to climate change. The city of Surakarta, characterized by high mobility and significant emissions, necessitates an approach that emphasizes individual participation in efforts to reduce carbon footprints. This research aims to assess the community's willingness to reduce their carbon footprint based on five key indicators: housing, food, waste and water management, energy use, and transportation. Additionally, an analysis is conducted to identify the dominant factors influencing the community's preferences for environmentally friendly behavior. METHODS: This study was conducted across five sub-districts in Surakarta City: Mojosongo, Sumber, Jayengan, Serengan, and Sondakan, selected for their high levels of urban activity and environmental relevance. The analytical method employed was Principal Component Analysis, a multivariate statistical technique used to reduce the dimensions of data and identify latent structures within a set of correlated variables. Principal Component Analysis enabled the researchers to extract principal components that represent key behavioral dimensions related to the willingness to decrease carbon footprint. The analysis was performed using STATA-13 and Minitab software for statistical computation and data visualization. FINDINGS: The research findings indicate that the primary factors influencing WDC are community preferences regarding energy efficiency, waste management, and food consumption, which collectively account for 49.7% of the variability. The preference for sustainable living spaces and environmentally friendly transportation emerges as the second major factor, explaining 21.7% of the variability. The overall willingness of the community to reduce its carbon footprint is categorized as moderate. Among the five sub-districts, Jayengan exhibits the highest WDC index at 1.30, followed by Sumber (1.19), Semanggi (1.14), and both Sondakan and Mojosongo, which have the lowest indices of 1.10 each. CONCLUSION: Research shows that residents in Surakarta City's five sub-districts have a moderate desire to lower their carbon footprint. Although awareness and concern, particularly about housing and transportation, are increasing, this has not yet translated into strong actions across all behaviors. https://www.ijhcum.net/article_733446.html BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study investigated how Flexible Manufacturing Systems—including workstations, automated handling/storage, inspection equipment, ancillary components, and computer control—were related to Human Resource sustainability (justice, job well-being, and employee development) at the Samarra Pharmaceutical Factory. The objective was to identify which FMS dimensions most strongly supported sustainable HR outcomes. METHODS: A descriptive–analytical design was used. A structured questionnaire was administered to 230 employees; 207 valid responses were obtained (response rate = 90%). The measurement model and hypotheses were tested in AMOS v26 using standard validation criteria and structural equation modeling. RESULTS: Overall FMS capability was positively associated with HR sustainability (standardized regression weight = 0.932; unstandardized estimate = 2.079; 95% CI = 0.896–0.971; p = 0.02). Bivariate correlations between individual FMS components and HR sustainability were significant: workstations r = 0.841 (α = 0.05), handling & storage r = 0.833 (α = 0.05), inspection equipment r = 0.644 (α = 0.05), computer control systems r = 0.902 (α = 0.05), and other components r = 0.928 (α = 0.05). Model fit indices met accepted thresholds (e.g., GFI = 0.927, AGFI = 0.916, RMR = 0.068, NFI = 0.913, RFI = 0.905). CONCLUSION: Strengthening Flexible Manufacturing Systems—particularly computer control systems—was associated with higher HR sustainability by improving safety, reducing physical/psychological strain, and expanding development opportunities. Managers seeking technology investments that advance operational efficiency and workforce well-being could prioritize FMS upgrades aligned with these results.