International Journal of Human Capital in Urban Management
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A spatial multidimensional evaluation of TOD performance around urban rail stations for urban planning

Articles in Press

Document Type : ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Authors

K. Saensomboon
R. Udomsub

Department of Logistics and Transportation Management, Panyapiwat Institute of Management, Nonthaburi, Thailand

https://doi.org/10.22034/IJHCUM.2026.04.03
Abstract
This study examined 114 operational electric train stations in Thailand across seven rail networks: Sukhumvit, Silom, Airport Rail Link, Krung Thonburi, Thani Ratthaya, Nakhonwithi, and Chat Chai. The evaluation of TOD performance was conducted using six criteria: Density, Design, Diversity, Connectivity/Demand Management, Destination Accessibility, and Distance to Transit, within catchments of 500 and 1,000 meters. Population density, residential units, and Floor Area Ratio (FAR) were examined; design included sidewalks, parking, and road density; diversity was represented by land-use mix through Points of Interest (POI) distribution; connectivity was assessed via bus routes, station accessibility, and POIs; distance was quantified by park-and-ride proximity and POI distance from stations. The research sought to accomplish three objectives: 1) evaluate station performance via TOD Scores to discern strengths and shortcomings, 2) propose improvements to promote transit usage, and 3) deliver web application for station planning. The findings highlighted Density, Design, and Connectivity as the key factors, suggesting that measures should augment population density, integrate amenities that appeal to inhabitants, and fortify transportation infrastructure. A web application was developed to present TOD data, enabling stakeholders to compare stations and use high-performing ones as benchmarks. This framework enables future planning and guides the development of the public transport network.

Graphical Abstract

A spatial multidimensional evaluation of TOD performance around urban rail stations for urban planning

Keywords

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)
Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)
Electric Train
Railway Station
Transit Station
Subjects

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International Journal of Human Capital in Urban Management

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 02 July 2026

  • Receive Date 06 September 2025
  • Revise Date 08 January 2026
  • Accept Date 30 June 2026

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