International Journal of Human Capital in Urban Management
Quarterly Publication

Investigation of the relationship between urban stress and urban resilience

https://doi.org/10.22034/IJHCUM.2023.03.02
Volume 8, Issue 3 - Serial Number 31
Summer 2023
Pages 317-332
International Journal of Human Capital in Urban Management

Document Type : ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Authors

Kh. Moghani Rahimi 1
M. Behzadfar 1
S. jalilisadrabad 2

1 School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

2 School of Architecture & Environmental Design, IUST, Hengam Street, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Making society resilient is considered a critical and challenging issue in mental health planning or stress-relieving urban planning. However; although in recent years, many studies have separately addressed stress and urban resilience, no study has explained the relationship between the two. Therefore, the present study aims to explain the relationship between urban stress and urban resilience in the Region 8 of the District 1 of Tehran Municipality.
 
METHODS: This study is applied descriptive-analytical research. The required data are collected using both quantitative and qualitative methods and analyzed by regression analysis. First, using the library method, the indicators of urban stress and urban resilience were identified, then the study sample was selected using these indicators and the Delphi method. After; that, the information related to the indicators was collected using questionnaire and library methods, and finally, the relationship between urban stress and urban resilience was investigated through multivariate regression.
FINDINGS: The research findings indicate a high correlation between the two abovementioned concepts (correlation coefficient= 0.925). Moreover; the adjusted R2 shows that resilience indicators explain 83% of the total variations in urban stress. Also; the most critical indicators affecting the citizens' stress include the status of open space, gender structure of the population, permeability, average building density, education level, resident participation, spatial diversity, citizen's sense of belonging, social diversity, violence, crime, the safeness of the environment, social capital, social solidarity, the strength of buildings, vulnerability to natural hazards, income status, employment status, environmental pollution, access to services, the age structure of the population, and safety, respectively.
CONCLUSION: it is possible to significantly reduce urban stress by enhancing urban resilience and paying attention to its effective indicators.

Keywords

Region 8 of the District 1 of Tehran Municipality
Regression analysis
Resilience
Urban planning
Urban stress
Subjects

OPEN ACCESS

©2023 The author(s). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third-party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit: 

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 

PUBLISHER NOTE

Tehran Urban Research and Planning Center Publisher remains neutral concerning jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 

CITATION METRICS & CAPTURES

Google Scholar | DOAJ | Scopus | EBSCO | Internet Archive |Twitter |Mendeley  

CURRENT PUBLISHER

Tehran Urban Research and Planning Center: Tehran Municipality

Adli, M.; Schondorf, J., (2020). Macht uns die Stadt krank. Wirkung von Stadtstress auf Emotionen, Verhalten und psychische Gesundheit; Does the city make us ill? The effect of urban stress on emotions, behavior, and mental health. Bundesgesundheitsbla., 63(8): 979–986 (8 pages).
Alberti, M.; John M.; Marzluff, E.S.; Gordon, B.; Clare, R.; Craig, Z., (2003). Integrating humans into ecology: opportunities and challenges for studying urban ecosystems. Biosci. J., 53(12): 1169-1179 (11 pages).
Bahari, R.A.; Abaspour, R.A.; Pahlavani, P., (2016). Zoning of particulate matters (PM) pollution using local statistical models in GIS (case study: Tehran metropolisies). JGST, 5(3): 165-174 (10 pages). (In Persian)
Baum, A.; Jerome, E.;  Baum, C.S.,  (1981). Stress and the environment. J. Soc. Issue., 37(1): 4-35 (32 pages).
Baumann, P.S.; Söderström, O.; Abrahamyan Empson, L.; Söderström, D.; Codeluppi, Z.; Golay, P.; Birchwood, M.; Conus, P., (2020). Urban remediation: a new recovery-oriented strategy to manage urban stress after first-episode psychosis. Soc. Psychiat. Psychiat. Epid., 55(3): 273–283 (11 pages).
Burton, I., (1990). Factors in urban stress. J. Sociol. Soc. Welfare., 17(1): 79-92 (15 pages).
Buttazzoni, A.; Doherty, S.; Minaker, L., (2022). How do urban environments affect young people's mental health? a novel conceptual framework to bridge public health, planning, and neurourbanism. Public. Health. Rep., 137(1): 48–61 (14 pages).
Chinomnso, C.N.; Echendu, D.A.; Queencallista, N., (2014). Urbanization and health, Orient. J. Med., 26(1-2): 1-8 (8 pages).
Chrisinger, B.W.; King, A.C., (2018). Stress experiences in neighborhood and social environments (SENSE): a pilot study to integrate the quantified self with citizen science to improve the built environment and health. Int. J. Health. Geog.., 17(1): 1-17 (17 pages).
Christmas, J.J., (1973). Psychological stresses of urban living: new direction for mental health services in the inner city. J. Natl. Med. Assoc., 65(6): 483–489 (7 pages).
Cohen, S.; Evans, G.W.; Stokols, D.; Krantz, D.S., (1986). Environmental stress and cognitive performance. In Behaviour, health, and environmental stress (eds Cohen S, Evans GW, Stokols D, Krantz DS), 143–183. (41 pages).
Dadashpoor, H.; Adeli, Z., (2016). Measuring the amount of regional resilience in qazvin urban region. Emergen. Manage., 4(2): 73-84 (12 pages). (In Persian)
Dawley, S.; Pike, A.; Tomaney, J., (2010). Towards the resilient region: policy activism and peripheral region development. Spatial Economic Research Center.
Dykas, M.J.; Goplen, J.; Ewart, C.K.; Gump, B.B., (2021). Early adolescents’ risk-taking propensity, urban stress, and affiliation with risky peers. J. Early. Adolescence., 41(5): 683-699 (17 pages).
Elsamahy, E.M.; Abd EL-Fattah, R., (2018). Designing non-stressed psychological public spaces. BAU Journal: Health & Well-Being, special edition, 121-132 (12 pages).
Evans, B.E.; Huizink, A.C.; Greaves-Lord, K.; Tulen, J.H.M.; Roelofs, K.; van der Ende, J.; Santana, G.L., (2020). Urbanicity, biological stress system functioning and mental health in adolescents. Plos. One., 15(3): 1-24 (24 pages).
Fett, A-K.J.; Lemmers-Jansen, I.L.J.; Krabbendam, L., (2019). Psychosis and urbanicity. Curr. Opin. Physiol., 32(3): 232–241 (10 pages). 
Foster, K.A., (2007). A case study approachto understanding regional resilience.
Freeman, D.; Emsley, R.; Dunn, G.; Fowler, D.; Bebbington, P.; Kuipers, E.; Jolley, S.; Waller, H.; Hardy, A.; Garety, P., (2015). The stress of the street for patients with persecutory delusions: a test of the symptomatic and psychological effects of going outside into a busy urban area. Schizophrenia. Bull., 41(4): 971–979 (9 pages).
Ghahroudi Tali, M.; Derafshi, K., (2015). The study of chaos in the flood risk pattern of Tehran. Jsaeh, 2(2): 1-16 (16 pages). (In Persian)
Gharai, F.; Masnavi, M.R.; Hajibandeh, M., (2018). Urban local-spatial resilience: developing the key indicators and measures, a brief review of literature. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar, 14(57): 19-32 (14 pages). (In Persian)
Haines, M.; Stansfeld, S.; Job, R.; Berglund, B.; Head, J., (2001). Chronic aircraft noise exposure, stress responses, mental health and cognitive performance in school children. Psychol. Med., 31(2): 265-277 (13 pages).
Hashemi, M., Alesheikh, A., Malek, M., (2014). Zoning earthquake vulnerability using GIS (Case study: Tehran city). J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 16(1): 349-359 (11 pages). (In Persian)
Hernandez, D.C.; Daundasekara, S.S.; Zvolensky, M.J.; Reitzel, L.R.; Maria, D.S.; Alexander, A.C.; Kendzor, D.E.; Businelle, M.S., (2020). Urban stress indirectly influences psychological symptoms through its association with distress tolerance and perceived social support among adults experiencing homelessness. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health., 17(15): P. 5301.
Holling, C.S., (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 4(1): 1-23 (23 pages).
Interdisciplinary Forum Neurourbanism., (2018). Charta of neurourbanism. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
Jaffee, K.D.; Liu, G.C.; Canty-Mitchell, J., Qi, R.A.; Austin, J.; Swigonski, N., (2005). Race, urban community stressors, and behavioral and emotional problems of children with special health care needs. Psychiatr. Serv., 56(1): 63–69 (7 pages).
Jones, T.; Glasson, P.J.; Wood, P.D.;  Fulton, P.E.A., (2011). Regional planning and resilient futures: destination modeling and tourism development-the case of the ningaloo coastal region in western australia. Plann. Pract. Research, 26(4): 393-415 (23 pages).
Karimi Razkani, A.; Sheikhul Islami, A.; Prizadi, T., (2018). The role of urban management in the resilience of cities against natural disasters (case study: Baqer Shahr city). New Perspect. Hum. Geog., 12(1): 441-456 (16 pages). (In Persian)
Kennedy, D.P.; Adolphs, R., (2011). Social neuroscience: Stress and the city. Nat. Rev. Psychol., 474(7352): 452–453 (2 pages).
Kimhi, S.; Shamai, M., (2004). Community resilience and the impact of stress, adult response to israel’s withdrawal from lebanon. J. Community. Psychol., 32(4): 439-451 (13 pages).
Kirkbride, J.B.; Keyes, K.M.; Susser, E., (2018). City living and psychotic disorders-implications of global heterogeneity for theory development. JAMA. Psychiat., 75(12): 1211-1212 (2 pages).
Knöll, M.; Neuheuser, K.; Cleff, T.; Rudolph-Cleff, A., (2017). A tool to predict perceived urban stress in open public spaces. Environ. Plann. B., 45(4).Knox city council., (2021). Knox mental health action plan 2021– 2025.
Kyriakou, K.; Resch, B., (2019). Spatial analysis of moments of stress derived from wearable sensor data. Adv. Cartogr. GIS Sci. Int. Cartogr. Assoc., 2(9).
Lazarus, R.S.; Cohen, J.B., (1977). Environmental stress. Hum. Behav. Emerging Technol., 89–127 (39 pages).
Lederbogen, F.; Haddad, L.; Meyer-Lindenberg, A., (2013). Urban social stress – risk factor for mental disorders. The case of schizophrenia. Environ. Pollut., 183(1): 2-6 (5 pages).
Lederbogen, F.; Kirsch, P.; Haddad, L., (2011). City living and urban upbringing affect neural social stress processing in humans. Nat. Rev. Psychol., 474(7352): 498–501 (4 pages).
Leitner, H.; Sheppard, E.; Webber, S.; Colven, E., (2018). Globalizing urban resilience. Urban. Geogr., 39: 1-9 (10 pages). 
Li, J.; Liu, Z., (2018). Housing stress and mental health of migrant populations in urban China. Cities., 81(1): 172-179 (8 pages). 
Litman, T.A., (2021). Urban sanity understanding urban mental health impacts and how to create saner, happier cities.
Lloyd, S.; Kelly, R.; Kimberly, G.; Joshua, R., (2005). Challenges of urban mental health disaster planning. J. Aggress. Maltreat. T., 10(3): 695–706 (12 pages). 
Mahmodzadeh, H.; herischian, M., (2018). Measurement and prioritization of resilience indicators by using structural equation and fuzzy multivariate analysis (a case study: Region 1 of Tabriz metropolitan). Res. Urban Plann., 9(34): 59-74 (16 pages). (In Persian)
Maleki, S.; amanpour, S.; shojaeeyan, A.; razavii, M., (2020). Surveying and measuring the physical and social resilience to earthquakes (case study of Izeh city). Urban Structure and Function Stud., 7(22): 81-111 (31 pages). (In Persian)
Maureen, O., (2017). Revealed: The world's least stressful cities. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
Meerow, S.; Newell, J.P.; Stults, M., (2016). Defining urban resilience: a review. Landscape Urban Plann., 147(1): 38–49 (12 pages). 
Meloni, A.; Fornara, F.; Carrus, G., (2019). Predicting pro-environmental behaviors in the urban context: The direct or moderated effect of urban stress, city identity, and worldviews. Cities., 88(1): 83-90 (8 pages). 
Milgram, S., (1970). The experience of living in cities. Science., 167(3924): 1461-1468 (8 pages). 
Miller, K.M.; Phillips, M.H., (2005). Correlates of urban stress and mental health: the impact of social context on resilience. J. Soc. Distress. Homel., 14(1-2): 46-64 (19 pages). 
Mohammadi kazemabadi, L.; Khanizadeh, M.; Pourahmad, A., (2020). Measuring and assessing the urban resilience in the social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions (case study: Shiraz city). J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 22(8): 295-307 (13 pages). (In Persian)
Moghani Rahimi, K.; Behzadfar, M.; jalilisadrabad, S., (2022). Investigating the factors affecting urban stress in world literature. Urban Struct. Funct. Stud., 9(32): 217-242 (26 pages). (In Persian)
Moghani Rahimi, K.; Behzadfar, M.; jalilisadrabad, S., (2023a). Explaining the relationship between City and mental health using content analysis technique and maxqda software. Hoviatshahr, 17(1): 1-19 (19 pages). (In Persian)
Moghani Rahimi, K.; Behzadfar, M.; jalilisadrabad, S., (2023b). The ranking of the districts of District 1 of Tehran Municipality based on urban stress according to experts. The 5th National Conference on New Technologies in Architectural, Civil and Urban Engineering of Iran. (In Persian)
Mubi Brighenti, A.; Pavoni, A., (2017). City of unpleasant feelings. Stress, comfort and animosity in urban life. Soc. Cult. Geog., 20(2): 137-156 (20 pages). 
National Drought and Crisis Management Organization., (2017). Revealed: register the temperature maps of Tehran in the last half century/ know the coolest and hottest years of the capital. Retrieved 15 September 2021. (In Persian)
Prindle, R.A., (1968). Health aspects of the urban environment. Public. Health. Rep., 83(7): 617-621 (21 pages).
Proshansky, H.M., (1972). Urban stress. experiments on noise and social stressors. Science., 178(4067): 1275A-1275A (2 pages). 
Pykett, J.; Osborne, T.; Resch, B., (2020). From urban stress to neurourbanism: how should we research city well-being? Ann. Am. Assoc. Geogr., 110(6): 1-16 (16 pages). 
Quinn, K.; Kaufman, J.S.; Siddiqi, A.; Yeatts, K.B., (2010). Stress and the city: housing stressors are associated with respiratory health among low socioeconomic status Chicago children. J. Urban. Health., 87(4): 688-702 (15 pages). 
rezaie, E.; salehi, E.; lahijanian, A.; ehsani, A., (2021). Evaluation and analysis of urban land use resilience (Case study: District 22 of Tehran). Territory, 18(71): 23-44 (22 pages). (In Persian)
 Ribeiro, P.; Gonçalves, L., (2019). Urban resilience: a conceptual framework. Sustain. Cities Soc., 50(1): 1-42 (42 pages). 
Rishi, P.; Khuntia, G., (2012). Urban environmental stress and behavioural adaptation in Bhopal city of India. Urban. Stud., 2012: 1-9 (9 pages). 
Saidi, M.; Behzadfar, M.;  Mofidi Shemirani, S.M., (2021). Analysis of the satisfaction rate affected by environmental indicators of neighborhood greenway; case study: greenway of nezami ganjavi neighborhood of Tehran. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 14(34): 235-247 (13 pages). (In Persian)
serat news., (2020). Photo/aerial view of Tehran at night from the international space station. Retrieved 15 September 2021. (In Persian)
Seth, P.; Murray, C.C.; Braxton, N.D.; DiClemente, R.J., (2012). The concrete jungle: city stress and substance abuse among young adult african american men. J. Urban. Health., 90(2): 307–313 (7 pages). 
Shannon, M.M.; Clougherty, J.E.; McCarthy, C.; Elovitz, M.A.; Nguemeni T., Max J.; Melly, S.J.; Burris, H.H., (2020). Neighborhood violent crime and perceived stress in pregnancy. Int. J. Env. Res. Pub. He., 17(15): 5585-5595 (10 pages). 
Simmel, J., (1903). The metropolis and mental life. section 7 of the people, place, and space reader, 223-226 (7 pages). 
Söderström, O.; Empson, L.A.; Codeluppi, Z.; Söderström, D.; Baumann, P.S.; Conus, P., (2016). Unpacking ‘the city: An experience-based approach to the role of urban living in psychosis. Health. Place., 42(1): 104–110 (7 pages). 
Steinheuser, V.; Ackermann, K.; Schönfeld, P.; Schwabe, L., (2014). Stress and the city. Psychol. Med., 76(9): 678-685 (8 pages). 
Streit, F.; Haddad, L.; Paul, T.; Frank, J.; Schäfer, A.; Nikitopoulos, J.; Akdeniz, C.; Lederbogen, F.; Treutlein, J.; Witt, S.; Meyer-Lindenberg, A.; Rietschel, M.; Kirsch, P.; Wüst, S., (2014). A functional variant in the neuropeptide S receptor 1 gene moderates the influence of urban upbringing on stress processing in the amygdala. Stress., 17(4): 352-361 (10 pages). 
Vargas, T.; Conley, R.E.; Mittal, V.A., (2020). Chronic stress, structural exposures and neurobiological mechanisms: A stimulation, discrepancy and deprivation model of psychosis. In A. Clow, & N. Smyth (Eds.), Int. Rev. Neurobiol., 152: 41-69 (29 pages). 
Ventriglio, A.; Torales, J.; Castaldelli-Maia, J.M.; De Berardis, D.; Bhugra, D., (2021). Urbanization and emerging mental health issues. CNS spectrums., 26(1): 43-50 (8 pages). 
Vojnovic, I.; Pearson, A.; Asiki, G.; Allen, A.; DeVerteuil, G. (Eds.)., (2019). Handbook of global urban health (1st ed.). Routledge.
Wandersman, A.; Nation, M., (1998) Urban neighborhoods and mental health. Psychological contributions to understanding toxicity, resilience, and interventions. Am Psychol. Jun., 53(6): 647-56 (10 pages). 
Willie, T.C.; Powell, A.; Kershaw, T., (2016). Stress in the city: influence of urban social stress and violence on pregnancy and postpartum quality of life among adolescent and young mothers. J. Urban. Health., 93(1): 19-35 (17 pages). 
Young Journalists Club., (2018). Neighboring palaces and cottages in one of the most expensive neighborhoods in Tehran. (In Persian)
Zhang, X.; Yi, L.; Zhao, D., (2013). Community-based disaster management: a review of progress in China. Nat. Hazard., 65(3): 2215-2239 (25 pages). 
Zhang, X.; Li, H., (2018). Urban resilience and urban sustainability: What we know and what do not know? Cities., 72: 141–148 (8 pages). 
  • Receive Date 19 October 2022
  • Revise Date 01 January 2023
  • Accept Date 22 February 2023

Home

Authorship

Submit Manuscript

Indexing and Abstracting

Editorial Board

Unrestricted Reuse in Compliance with BOAI

Open Access Policy

Self-Archiving Policy

Privacy Statement

Publisher Business Model

Publisher and Sponsor

Contact Us